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Silver Paste Application Note

The AMI-Sync Series is a fully automated gas adsorption analyzer designed for rapid BET surface area, pore size, and porosity characterization of porous and non-porous materials.

Industrial
Applications
Silver Paste

The Influence of Silver Powder Specific Surface Area on the Performance of Photovoltaic Silver Paste

Photovoltaic silver paste is an indispensable core component of solar cells, and its quality directly affects the solar cell performance. Silver paste is typically coated onto the front and back of the cell in a grid formation and adhered by rapid heating (sintering), and the silver grid serves as a highly conductive electron network. Usually, silver powder accounts for 70-90% of the paste by weight, therefore silver material properties will directly affect the overall performance of photovoltaic silver paste. Shape, particle size, dispersion, and specific surface area affect the properties of silver powder.

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Electronic Specialty Gases Application Note

The AMI-Sync Series is a fully automated gas adsorption analyzer designed for rapid BET surface area, pore size, and porosity characterization of porous and non-porous materials.

Industrial
Applications
Electronic Specialty Gases

Adsorption Applications of Electronic Specialty Gases

Electronic specialty gases are essential foundational materials in modern electronics manufacturing. These high-purity gases are critical to the production of semiconductors, display panels, LEDs, and photovoltaics. With the explosive growth of the clean energy sector, the market size for electronic specialty gases is expected to increase 140% by 2032.

The purity requirements for electronic specialty gases are stringent, typically at the 5N (99.999%) level, with some applications demanding 6N (99.9999%) or even higher. Gas purity and quality directly influence device yield and performance, with purification techniques spanning adsorption, distillation, absorption, and membrane separation.

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Silicone Nitride Application Note

Gas Adsorption Surface DX Series ● When fully optimized, up to 8 samples can be analyzed per hour across 4 stations. ● Automatic Dewar elevator and valve status indicator lights streamline operation. ● Compact, user-friendly design ideal for routine QC environments.

Industrial
Applications
Silicone Nitride

Comparison of Static and Dynamic Flow Measurements for Specific Surface Area of Silicon Nitride Powder

With the advancement of science and technology, the demand for novel materials in various industries has increased significantly. Due to the inherent limitations of metallic materials, structural ceramics are gradually replacing them in certain fields. Silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramics, known for their excellent mechanical properties (high hardness, strength, and toughness), self-lubrication, high-temperature resistance, chemical stability (resistance to acids, alkalis, and molten metals), as well as transparency and wave-transmitting capabilities, are widely used in mechanical, automotive, aerospace, biomedical, and electronic applications, such as cutting tools, ceramic bearings, turbine rotors, and heat-dissipating substrates.(1-3)

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Nanoporous Materials Application Note

Gas Adsorption Micro 300 Physisorption Analyzer for BET Surface Area and Micropore Analysis ● Available in multiple models to support diverse lab-throughput needs. ● 3 analysis stations with high-vacuum pump and up to 3 pressure sensors per station. ● Equipped with 3 in-situ degassing ports and 1 cold trap.

Industrial
Applications
Nanoporous Materials

Comparing Gas Adsorbates for Pore-Structure Characterisation of Nanoporous Materials

Nanoporous materials such as zeolites, activated carbons, and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) feature abundant microporosity and play central roles in adsorption, catalysis, and separations.(1,2) Accurately resolving pore size distributions, micropore volumes, and accessible surface areas is therefore essential for materials design and process modeling. Gas physisorption remains the primary technique for this purpose because it probes adsorption–desorption behavior over a wide relative-pressure window spanning low pressures (below 0.1 Pa) through saturation near the adsorbate’s boiling point.(3) Reliable measurements in this regime require high vacuum instrumentation capable of evacuating the manifold and sample cell to very low absolute pressures with stable temperature control.

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Amorphous Silica Application Note

Gas Adsorption Micro 300 Physisorption Analyzer for BET Surface Area and Micropore Analysis ● Available in multiple models to support diverse lab-throughput needs. ● 3 analysis stations with high-vacuum pump and up to 3 pressure sensors per station. ● Equipped with 3 in-situ degassing ports and 1 cold trap.

Industrial
Applications
Amorphous Silica

Influencing Factors in Nitrogen Physisorption for Measuring Specific Surface Area and Pore Volume of Amorphous Silica

Amorphous silica, commonly known as precipitated silica or white carbon black, features a highly interconnected three-dimensional network formed through tetrahedral coordination of silicon atoms. The aggregation of its primary particles into larger agglomerates produces complex capillary channels, which create a highly porous internal architecture with a notably large specific surface area. These characteristics contribute to its exceptional adsorption capacity, reinforcement behavior, thickening properties, and its high chemical and thermal stability. Because of these advantageous traits, amorphous silica is widely used in industries such as rubber manufacturing, plastics, coatings, pharmaceuticals, food processing, catalysis, and personal care formulations.(1-6)

Nitrogen physisorption remains one of the most important analytical methods for determining the specific surface area, pore size distribution, and pore volume of amorphous silica. Among existing analytical approaches, BET surface area and mesoporous/pore structural analyses are often the most sensitive to pretreatment method, degassing temperature, measurement window selection, and sample storage history. This application note discusses how these parameters affect measured results and provides guidance for optimising measurement quality when using the AMI Micro 300 Series physisorption analyser.

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Ionic Liquids Application Note

Gas Adsorption Micro 200 ● Available in multiple models to support diverse lab-throughput needs. ● 2 analysis stations with high-vacuum pump and up to 3 pressure sensors per station. ● Simultaneous testing with different adsorbate gases across all active stations.

Industrial
Applications
Ionic Liquids

Overview of Supported Ionic Liquids: Effect of Specific Surface Area and Pore Structure

Ionic liquids (ILs) are room-temperature molten salts composed entirely of ions—typically an organic cation paired with an inorganic or organic anion. Compared with conventional organic solvents, ILs offer:

✓ Broad liquid-phase windows and thermal/physicochemical stability (often stable below ~300 °C),
✓ Negligible vapor pressure and nonflammability for cleaner operation, even under high vacuum,
✓ Wide solubility ranges that accommodate inorganic/organic compounds and polymers, sometimes with dual roles as medium and catalyst,
✓ Favourable electrochemical behaviour for electrolytes and reaction media, and;
✓ Molecular tunability by varying cation/anion structure.(1,2)

Supported ionic liquids (SILs) are functional ILs immobilized on porous carriers—by physical deposition or chemical anchoring—to form thin IL films within a solid matrix. Confining the IL converts a difficult-to-handle liquid into a solid-like composite that combines the chemical selectivity of the IL with the mass-transfer and mechanical advantages of a porous support. This approach mitigates the high viscosity and separation challenges of neat ILs and simplifies recovery and reuse, which is why SILs have become a focus across adsorption and catalysis. SILs show broad utility in gas and liquid adsorption/separation,(3) function as catalysts or catalyst supports,(4) and provide efficient aqueous-phase removal of heavy-metal ions.(5)

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Battery Application Note

Gas Adsorption Micro 200 ● Available in multiple models to support diverse lab-throughput needs. ● 2 analysis stations with high-vacuum pump and up to 3 pressure sensors per station. ● Simultaneous testing with different adsorbate gases across all active stations.

Industrial
Applications
Battery

The Impact of Specific Surface Area and Pore Structure on Potassium-Ion Batteries

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are considered an important complement to existing lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their environmental friendliness, abundant raw material resources, and low cost. PIB anode materials have become the focus of research, and carbon-based anodes have been studied for their high conductivity and chemical stability.

Graphite has been heavily studied for PIBs due to its theoretical storage capacity for K ions and therefore high energy density, shown schematically in Figure 1a. However, there are several limitations. The K+ ion has low mobility in graphite channels and pores due to its large ionic radius.(1) Many scholars have improved the performance of carbon materials in PIBs by surface modification, structural design, and functionalization.(1,2)

While graphite modification has been shown to improve K+ ion intercalation/deintercalation, attempts to increase the interlayer spacing often introduce defects into the material which reduce performance and stability. Alternatively, hard carbon is an amorphous material with randomly oriented sp2 planes. The disordered structure results in inherently larger spacing that facilitates faster intercalation and deintercalation of K+ ions. Because of this, hard carbon anodes have demonstrated excellent cycling stability when paired with an appropriate electrolyte.(3) The optimization of cathodic material properties plays an integral role in PIB chemistry, and therefore surface area and pore size have received attention from scholars.(4)

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Carbon Black Application Note

Gas Adsorption Meso 400 ● Balances high-throughput testing with independent station control. ● Available with 4 analysis ports, each with in-situ degassing capability. ● Simultaneously analyse different adsorbate gases across up to 4 stations.

Industrial
Applications
Carbon Black

Study on the Effect of Selection Point Range on the Specific Surface Area and External Surface Area of Carbon Black Samples

Carbon black is produced through the incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon feedstocks and is widely used as a reinforcing agent in rubber. More than 90% of global carbon black output is consumed by the rubber industry. When incorporated into a rubber matrix, carbon black enhances key mechanical properties—including hardness, tensile strength, and abrasion resistance—while also improving compound processability and lowering overall formulation cost. Among commercial reinforcing fillers, carbon black remains the most important, and its specific surface area is a primary factor governing reinforcement performance.(1)
The specific surface area of carbon black is typically divided into internal and external components. The external specific surface area is especially relevant for evaluating reinforcement because effective reinforcement requires intimate contact between carbon black particles and rubber polymer chains. When the pores on the carbon black surface are too small for rubber molecules to enter, the internal surface associated with these ultrafine pores does not contribute to reinforcement and must be excluded. Therefore, the external specific surface area is defined as the portion of the total surface area remaining after subtracting the internal surface area of pores with diameters ≤ 2 nm that are inaccessible to rubber.(2,3)
This application note investigates how different selection-point ranges influence the measured total specific surface area and external specific surface area of carbon black samples.

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Activated Carbon Application Note

Gas Adsorption Matrix 1000 Series Gas Sorption Analyzer ● Configure mesopore, micropore, or mixed-mode stations in a single unit. ● Run simultaneous, independent analyses without cross-interference. ● Expand modularly to a total of up to 3 connected units (12 stations).

Industrial
Applications
Activated Carbon

High-Resolution Micropore Characterisation of Activated Carbon Using Nitrogen Adsorption on the Matrix 1000

Activated carbon is widely used in adsorption, catalysis, and purification due to its extensive micropore structure (pores < 2 nm). Accurate characterisation of these pores is critical for optimizing material performance. The Matrix 1000 gas sorption analyser, developed by Advanced Measurement Instruments, enables high-resolution micropore analysis through nitrogen (N₂) adsorption at 77 K. This application note demonstrates the Matrix 1000’s ability to perform simultaneous, high-throughput micropore characterisation across four independent stations, delivering exceptional resolution and repeatability at low relative pressures (down to 10⁻⁸ P/P₀).

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Water Vapor Application Note

Gas Adsorption Matrix 1000 Series Gas Sorption Analyzer ● Configure mesopore, micropore, or mixed-mode stations in a single unit. ● Run simultaneous, independent analyses without cross-interference. ● Expand modularly to a total of up to 3 connected units (12 stations).

Industrial
Applications
Water Vapor

Water Vapor Adsorption on Al₂O₃ at 293 K Using Static Volumetric Method

This experiment demonstrates the water vapor adsorption performance of the Matrix 1000 system using γ-Al₂O₃ as a reference material under well-controlled conditions. The results illustrate the system’s strong equilibrium control, stable low-pressure dosing, and capability for full isotherm characterization.

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Isotherm Application Note

Gas Adsorption Matrix 1000 Series Gas Sorption Analyzer ● Configure mesopore, micropore, or mixed-mode stations in a single unit. ● Run simultaneous, independent analyses without cross-interference. ● Expand modularly to a total of up to 3 connected units (12 stations).

Industrial
Applications
Isotherm

Redefining High-Throughput BET Testing: Reliable, Repeatable Analysis at Scale

Alumina (Al₂O₃) is a cornerstone material in numerous industrial applications, ranging from catalyst supports and adsorbents to ceramics and battery components. In each case, surface area and porosity play a critical role in determining performance and reactivity. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method remains the gold standard for evaluating specific surface area, yet traditional BET workflows often suffer from long cycle times, limited throughput, and heavy operator intervention—particularly when only one or two samples can be run at a time.

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Ceramic Application Note

True Density Densi 100 ● Automated gas pycnometry for precise material characterization. ● Rapid true density measurement ensuring accurate and consistent results. ● Compact design, easy operation for efficient daily laboratory use.

Industrial
Applications
Ceramic

Testing Method for True Density of Ceramic Fracturing Proppants

Fracturing proppants, also known as ceramic particles or ceramic sand, are sintered from high-quality bauxite and other raw materials. These proppants are widely used in deep-well and high-pressure oil/gas reservoir fracturing operations.
During deep oil and gas well extraction, hydraulic fracturing is applied to low-permeability reservoirs under high closure pressure. This process fractures the hydrocarbon-bearing rock layers, creating channels for oil and gas flow. Proppants are injected with high-pressure fluid into fractures to prevent closure under stress, maintaining high conductivity and enhancing production. Field data demonstrates that ceramic proppants can increase well productivity and extend operational lifespan.

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Direct Air Capture Application Note

Gas Separation Gas Adsorption BTSorb 100 Series ● Cost-effective dynamic sorption analyzer for breakthrough and adsorption studies. ● Multiple modes for competitive adsorption and diffusion coefficient measurements. ● User-friendly BTManager software with automated control and advanced data analysis.

Industrial
Applications
Direct Air Capture

Study on the Adsorption Performance of a Direct Air Capture CO₂ Adsorbent

Rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations have intensified interest in carbon-capture technologies capable of achieving negative emissions. Among these, Direct Air Capture (DAC) removes CO₂ directly from ambient air, where the partial pressure of CO₂ is approximately 40 Pa, far lower than flue gas concentrations (~12 kPa). This low driving force imposes stringent requirements on adsorbent materials and limits the applicability of membrane separation or cryogenic methods. Solid sorbents, in contrast to liquid amine solutions, avoid issues associated with solvent volatility, corrosion, and high regeneration energy, making them well-suited for DAC systems.

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Solid Adsorbents Application Note

Gas Separation Gas Adsorption BTSorb 100 Series ● Cost-effective dynamic sorption analyzer for breakthrough and adsorption studies. ● Multiple modes for competitive adsorption and diffusion coefficient measurements. ● User-friendly BTManager software with automated control and advanced data analysis.

Industrial
Applications
Solid Adsorbents

The Effect of Water Vapor on the
Adsorption Performance of Solid Adsorbents

In many industrial gas separation processes, the presence of water vapor presents a major challenge. Whether in exhaust gas treatment or coalbed methane (CBM) recovery, moisture in the gas stream can severely degrade the performance of solid adsorbents. During CBM extraction, significant amounts of methane are mixed with air, forming low-concentration mixtures—over 70% of which are typically released directly into the atmosphere. Effective methane/nitrogen separation from these dilute streams offers both environmental and economic advantages.

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CO2 Capture Application Note

Gas Separation Gas Adsorption BTSorb 100 Series ● Cost-effective dynamic sorption analyzer for breakthrough and adsorption studies. ● Multiple modes for competitive adsorption and diffusion coefficient measurements. ● User-friendly BTManager software with automated control and advanced data analysis.

Industrial
Applications
CO2 Capture

Application of Breakthrough Curve Analysers in Liquid Absorbents for CO2 Capture

Reducing atmospheric CO2 concentrations remains one of the most pressing challenges in climate science and industrial decarbonization. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) has emerged as one of the most effective approaches for mitigating CO2 emissions, with several core technologies under active development: membrane separation, solid adsorption, and liquid absorption.

Liquid absorption is particularly useful due to its high efficiency and capacity for CO2 absorption.
While legacy chemical solvents offer high capacity and fast absorption rates, several (e.g., KOH and ammonia) face challenges related to equipment corrosion, volatility, and safety. Today, amine-based absorbents are the most widely used due to their favorable balance of reactivity, efficiency, and scalability in industrial CO2 capture..

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Small Molecules Hydrocarbon Application Note

Gas Separation Gas Adsorption BTSorb 100 Series ● Cost-effective dynamic sorption analyzer for breakthrough and adsorption studies. ● Multiple modes for competitive adsorption and diffusion coefficient measurements. ● User-friendly BTManager software with automated control and advanced data analysis.

Industrial
Applications
Small Molecule Hydrocarbon

Selective Adsorption of Small Hydrocarbons Using MOFs

This AMI Note presents a study on the selective adsorption behavior of small molecule hydrocarbons—acetylene (C2H2), ethylene (C2H4), propane (C3H8), and propylene (C3H6)—on various metal-organic framework (MOF) materials. Using AMI’s Micro 300 for high-precision static adsorption isotherms, this work highlights the potential of MOFs in non-cryogenic, energy-efficient separation of light hydrocarbons. Although dynamic breakthrough testing was not performed in this study, AMI’s BTsorb 100 system is noted as an ideal platform for future validation under flow conditions.

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Catalysts Application Note

Chemisorption AMI 400 ● User-friendly software, auto-lift furnace, flexible gas inlet system. ● Precise gas control by 1 (Optional: 2 or 3) MFC(s), 8 (optional: 14) gas inlets. ● Temperature range: RT-1200°C, Optional-130°C-1200°C.

Industrial
Applications
Catalysts

Chemisorption and AMI

Chemisorption—the formation of chemical bonds between gas-phase molecules and surface atoms—is the foundational step in heterogeneous catalysis. On supported metal catalysts, this process occurs on small metal crystallites, nanoparticles, and single atoms anchored to high surface area oxide materials. These chemisorbed species react with adjacent adsorbed molecules or gas-phase reactants to generate catalytic products.

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Metal Catalysts Application Note

Chemisorption AMI 400 ● User-friendly software, auto-lift furnace, flexible gas inlet system. ● Precise gas control by 1 (Optional: 2 or 3) MFC(s), 8 (optional: 14) gas inlets. ● Temperature range: RT-1200°C, Optional-130°C-1200°C.

Industrial
Applications
Metal Catalysts

Pulse Chemisorption: Overview

Previous issues of AMI Notes have discussed different selective chemisorption techniques and how they may be used to determine the specific metal surface area of supported metal catalysts. One additional technique commonly used for the same purpose is pulse chemisorption. This method is one of the simplest, most straightforward ways to measure adsorbate uptake by a metal surface; however, as with most other measurements in catalysis, interpretation of the results can be problematic if the nature of the catalyst system and the experiment itself are not well-understood.

Pulse chemisorption is often used to calculate the particle dispersion and surface area of reduced metal catalysts supported on metal oxides. Both CO and H2 are commonly used adsorbates; CO equilibrates quickly and adsorbs more strongly to most metals, while H2 is effective and non-toxic.

A 2025 study by Kanuri et al. used an AMI 300 Chemisorption Analyzer with H2 adsorbate to calculate the dispersion and metallic surface area of Cu0 in CuO-ZnO-CeO2 catalysts.(1) Combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), H2 pulse chemisorption was used to determine which synthesis method yielded the highest Cu dispersion. However, adsorbate gas is not limited to CO and H2. Warmuth et al. also used an AMI 300 with N2O gas to calculate the surface area of Cu0 catalyst supported on ZnO/ZrO2 and ZnO/ZrO2/SiO2.(2) They were able to quantify the decrease in Cu0 surface area as a function of reaction time on stream.

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Metal Catalyst Application Note

Chemisorption AMI-300 ● Fully automated chemisorption analysis for comprehensive catalyst characterization. ● Customizable system with advanced software and temperature control. ● High precision and safety, featuring sensitive detectors and durable materials.

Industrial
Applications
Metal Catalyst

Supported Metal Catalyst Characterization with User-Friendly Chemisorption Techniques

Chemisorption, the chemical bonding between gas-phase molecules and surface atoms, is the first step in a catalytic reaction on many heterogeneous supported metal catalysts. Chemisorption takes place on small metal crystallites, nanoparticles, or single atoms, which are typically anchored to a high surface area oxide material. These chemisorbed molecules then react with neighboring surface-adsorbed species or with gas-phase molecules to produce reaction products. Characterization of this chemisorption bond reveals intrinsic chemical properties of the supported metal catalyst which directly relate to the rate and product selectivity of the catalytic reaction.

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Coked Catalyst Application Note

Chemisorption AMI-300 ● Fully automated chemisorption analysis for comprehensive catalyst characterization. ● Customizable system with advanced software and temperature control. ● High precision and safety, featuring sensitive detectors and durable materials.

Industrial
Applications
Coked Catalysts AMI 300

Advanced Temperature-Programmed Oxidation (TPO) of Coked Catalysts Using Integrated Methanation and FID Detection

Heterogeneous catalysis is integral to a wide array of industrial applications, including energy, chemical synthesis, and consumer products. Traditionally, a solid or powder catalyst is employed to transform gas phase hydrocarbons into valuable products. Elemental carbon deposition onto the catalyst, or “coking,” is an undesirable side reaction that, over time, will block the catalytic sites and deactivate the catalyst. Therefore, characterization of carbon deposits is essential for improving catalyst performance. Today, advanced techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), laser Raman spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), solid-state 13C NMR, and temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) are widely used to study coked catalysts. Among these, TPO has become one of the most commonly applied methods due to its simplicity and effectiveness.

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Suspended Sediment Concentration

Industrial Applications
Suspended Sediment Concentration

LS 13 320 XR

Introduction

Sediment transport plays a central role in shaping river morphology, influencing reservoir siltation, and affecting ecological conditions. Accurate measurement of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) is therefore essential for flood forecasting, hydraulic engineering, and environmental management.

Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) measurement can be divided into traditional and modern methods. Traditional methods, involving sampling, filtration, drying, and weighing, are accurate but time-consuming, labor-intensive, and unable to provide continuous real-time data. Therefore, modern instruments such as photoelectric, ultrasonic, infrared, and isotope-based sensors have been applied with some success, but the accuracy of these instruments still falls short of standards, and some require station-specific rating curves or extensive data analysis before use, preventing large-scale application.

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Extreme Hydrological Conditions

Industrial
Applications
Extreme Hydrological Conditions

DeepSizer 300

Introduction

Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and particle size distribution (PSD) are vital indicators in hydrology, water resources, and ecological protection. During floods and typhoons, SSC can rise sharply, often exceeding 20 g/L. Such short-lived surges drive riverbed scour, reservoir siltation, and pollutant transport, posing risks to flood control, water supply, and ecosystem health. Capturing these events is therefore essential for flood forecasting and sustainable reservoir management.

However, traditional sampling methods are labor-intensive, unsafe during extreme weather, and too slow to capture short-term changes. Automated instruments such as turbidity sensors, acoustic devices, and conventional laser systems exist, but they often face challenges like limited measurement range or frequent maintenance.

In this application note, the DeepSizer 300 is presented as a tool for suspended sediment monitoring that provides accurate, real-time SSC and PSD data across wide ranges, including during flood and typhoon conditions.

Instrument

The DeepSizer 300 is equipped with a 635 nm, 10 mW polarized laser and 80 multi-angle detectors that capture both scattered and transmitted light signals. Its advanced software applies Differential Path Technology and Multiple Scattering Correction to ensure reliable results.

For practical applications, more advantages include:

  • Wide measurement range: 0.001–100 g/L for SSC, 0.1–2000 µm for PSD.
  • Adaptive path control: Automatically adapts to high, medium, or low sediment concentrations, ensuring accuracy under diverse conditions.

  • Self-balancing hydraulic pressure: Automatically adjusts for external water pressure, ensuring stable optical path performance at depths up to 200 m.
  • Automatic optical window cleaning: Maintains performance with minimal manual intervention.
  • Flexible data transmission modes: Supports wired, wireless (4G), and offline modes, enabling adaptation to different monitoring environments.

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Optimising Pestiside Suspension Application Note

Industrial
Applications
Pestiside Stability

Optimising Pesticide Suspension Grinding Process with BeScan Lab and Bettersizer 2600

With the growing emphasis on environmental protection requirements, water-based, eco-friendly suspension concentrates (SC) have become increasingly popular in modern agriculture thanks to their environmental benefits, safety, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. However, ensuring the stability of these suspensions remains a significant challenge, due to issues such as stratification, sedimentation, and particle aggregation. Grinding time, a crucial process parameter, directly influences particle size distribution and stability—short grinding times result in larger particles that are prone to sedimentation, while excessive grinding results in overly fine particles that compromise stability. Traditional stability testing methods, such as static observation and centrifugation, are slow, subjective, and lack real-time monitoring capabilities. This study employs the BeScan Lab stability analyzer and the Bettersizer 2600 particle size analyzer to quickly and accurately assess suspension stability and particle size, facilitating efficient product development and process optimisation.

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Ibuprofen Application Note

Industrial
Applications
Ibuprofen Stability

Investigating the Stability of Ibuprofen using BeScan Lab

Ibuprofen suspension is a widely recognized pain reliever whose active pharmaceutical ingredients are evenly dispersed in the system. Suspension is a thermodynamically unstable system because of its high surface energy, but also a kinetic stable system due to the optimization of the formulation. As time goes on, flocculation, sedimentation, or phase separation may occur in the suspension, which leads to drug deterioration. To ensure the homogenization of the active ingredients, it is recommended to shake the ibuprofen suspension before dosing. Good stability after redispersion is a key to the high effectiveness of ibuprofen, demonstrating even distribution of active ingredients with external force after long-term storage.

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Stability Analysis of Electrode Slurries Application Note

Industrial
Applications
Electrose Slurry Stability

Stability Analysis of Electrode Slurries based on Static Multiple Light Scattering

The rapid growth of the new energy industry has increased the demand for high-performance batteries. Conventional batteries, such as lithium iron phosphate and ternary lithium batteries, are produced using electrode slurries, where the positive or negative active material is typically mixed with binders, additives, and solvents. Electrode slurries that are unstable may result in undesirable phenomena such as flocculation and sedimentation of active material particles, severely impacting the subsequent coating and calendering processes, as well as the overall battery performance. The stability of electrode slurry is affected by factors such as the composition and percentage of ingredients, the particle size and size distribution of the active material particles, the viscosity of the medium, and the mixing processes. An optimal formula can ensure the mechanical and conductive properties of the electrode slurry.

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Dispersing Agent BeScan Application Note

Industrial
Applications
Dispersing Agent – BeScan

Investigating the Effect of Dispersing Agent on the
Stability of Suspension Based on SMLS Technology

Suspension of titanium dioxide nanoparticles is widely used
in manufacturing ceramics, daily chemicals, pigments, and
optics. In most cases, nanoparticle suspensions are unstable
due to the high specific surface area and surface energy of
nanoparticles which leads to strong likelihood of particle
agglomeration and subsequent sedimentation. Dispersing
agents provide a viable solution to poor stability by adjusting
electrostatic potential or modifying steric hindrance.
Suspensions with high stability are beneficial to their final
performance because good dispersibility of nanoparticles
greatly improves effectiveness during application.

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Detergent BeScan Lab Application Note

Industrial
Applications
Detergent BeScan Lab

Detergent – BeScan Lab

Surfactants, with their amphiphilic molecular structure, are
crucial in cleaning and emulsification due to their ability to
adsorb at water and other media interfaces. In cleaning
products, they are key for effective dirt removal. Surfactants
work by lowering water’s surface tension, enhancing its
wetting ability on surfaces, and preventing dirt from
redepositing. They also modify the wetting properties of
solid contaminants and use charge repulsion to aid in dirt
removal.

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Beer Foam BeScan Application Note

Industrial
Applications
Beer Foam – BeScan

Investigating Beer Foam using BeScan Lab

Beer foam generated by malt proteins, yeast, hops,
and carbon dioxide is considered a significant element
contributing to freshness and quality by beer connoisseurs,[1]
providing better flavor and aroma than those made by
ancient fermentation processes. The attractive look of
the beer foam also leaves a lasting first impression on
consumers. Foam quality can be characterized by many
properties, including its whiteness, bubble size, retention
time, strength, and viscosity, among which stability is a
dominant indicator.[2] The difference in beer stability can be
traced back to alcohol content, wort concentration, brewing
process, and packaging form

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3D Printing Slurry BeScan Application Note

Industrial
Applications
3D Print Slurry

Using BeScan Lab for High-Efficiency Evaluation of Dispersant Effects on 3D Printing Slurry Stability

Zirconia (ZrO2) is vital in industries such as dentistry, medical implants, and electronics due to its excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. 3D printing has expanded zirconia’s applications, especially in precision ceramic components, making high stability essential for high-quality printing.

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Cosmetic Application Note

Industrial Applications
Cosmetics

Comparison of Commercial Cosmetic Products
Using NMR Relaxation Measurements

Formulators working in the cosmetics and personal
care industries have numerous delivery vehicles
from which to choose when formulating skin
care products: emulsions, gels, sticks, mousses,
aerosols, and ointments all have specific benefits.
However, the emulsion is by far the most popular
because it offers almost unlimited versatility in
meeting the primary market objectives of efficacy,
aesthetics, and cost parameters.

As we will explore in this Application Note, nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation is a technique
that is easy to employ, produces rapid results, and
requires limited input data. Importantly, because it does
not make any assumptions about the composition of the
formulation and requires little, or no, sample preparation
this makes it an ideal technique for measuring finished
commercial products.

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Pigment Dispersion Application Note

Industrial Applications
Pigment Dispersions

Using NMR Relaxation as an Aid in Understanding
Formulation of Pigment Dispersions

In general, the composition of commercial
pigment dispersions – to produce, for
example, paints and inks – is complex and
typically comprises a fluid, a dispersant, a
polymeric resin and the pigment material. In
the preparation of aqueous dispersions, a
wetting agent may additionally be needed if
the pigment materials are hydrophobic.

NMR spectroscopy is one of the most
powerful analytical tools used to probe
details of the structure and dynamics of
molecules. Traditional devices employing
NMR technology require very high magnetic
fields and, hence, very large magnets and
related instrumentation. However, the
advent of small powerful magnets has
allowed instruments – such as the Mageleka
MagnoMeter XRS™ – to be designed that
have small footprints and are suited to
normal, routine laboratory analysis.

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API Solutions Application Note

Industrial Applications
API Solution

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in AIDS Drugs: Using NMR
Relaxation to Determine the Wetted Surface Area of Suspensions

Reducing the particle size of materials
possessing poor solubility characteristics
can be an avenue to substantially
increasing the total surface area of the
material. This concept can be illustrated
when formulating drug products that contain
active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
A larger surface area allows for much
faster dissolution of APIs and, thereby, an
increase in bioavailability, regardless of the
route of administration. This is of obvious
importance in manufacturing because low
active bioavailability of drugs can lead to
inefficient treatment and risk of toxic side
effects. Any increase in efficacy can reduce
the potential toxicity because less drug
substance is needed, which also serves
to reduce costs. There is also a growing
body of evidence that, specifically with
nanoparticulate API materials, it is the
particle surface area and not particle size
that is the defining metric that controls
toxicological interaction. This explains
the recent drive to develop reformulations
based on nanotechnology.

So, what technique can make fast, reliable,
direct measurements of wetted surface
area in any suspension and, particularly,
nanosize API dispersions? Nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) relaxation, which is the
basis for Mageleka’s MagnoMeter XRS™,
can directly measure the wetted surface
area of any particulate suspension.

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Ink-Jet Pigment Application Note

Industrial Applications
Ink-jet pigment

Dispersions of Ink-Jet Pigments: Using NMR Relaxation Measurements
as a Quality Control Too

The application performance of any pigment
is determined by its nature, including how it
was manufactured, and the level of dispersion
achieved in formulation. The most important
physical properties include particle size and
wetted surface area. The finer the particle size,
the more intense will be the color; the greater
the surface area, the greater will be the extent
and uniformity of surface coating. For industries
that must produce products with reliably
consistent colors, measuring particle size and
wetted surface area quickly and easily will aid
in more efficient formulation and help to reduce
production costs.

So, what technique can make fast, reliable,
direct measurements of wetted surface area
in any suspension and, particularly, nanosize
pigment dispersions? Nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) relaxation, which is the
basis for Mageleka’s MagnoMeter XRS™, can
directly measure the wetted surface area of any
particulate suspension.

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Raw Materials Application Note

Industrial Applications
Raw Materials

Using NMR Relaxation Measurements for Quality Control
of Incoming Materials used in Formulation of Products

The preparation of any suspension or slurry
comprising a powder material in a liquid, be it
for “blue sky” experimental R&D purposes or
in the pre-formulation of a commercial product,
will always start with a solid and a liquid.
Unfortunately raw materials are never 100%
pure, and this is true even for National Formulary
(pharmaceutical)
grade
material. Indeed,
industrial material can contain as little as 80%
of the active component, as a cursory glance at
the typical Material Safety Data Sheet and the
Technical Data Sheet, always supplied with the
material, will attest to! In all cases, the type and
level of impurities depends on the source of the
material and any subsequent processing.

NMR spectroscopy is one of the most powerful
analytical tools used to probe details of molecular
structure and dynamics. Devices employing NMR
technology require very high magnetic fields and,
hence, very large magnets. However, the advent
of small powerful magnets has allowed low-field
instruments, such as the Mageleka MagnoMeter
XRS™ Relaxometer, to be designed that have
small footprints and so are suited to normal,
routine laboratory analysis.

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Assessing Algal Growth

Biological Applications
Algae

Product Title

Measurement of algal growth parameters
such as cell size, cell number, and growth
rate is important for confirming optimal
growth conditions and culture health. One
of the best ways to simultaneously assess al
gal culture health is to take a series of cell
size and number measurements during their
growth cycle. The simplest method to do this
is to use the Coulter Principle.

The Moxi Z mini automated cell counter
provides a valuable three-parameter cell as
say (count, sizing, health) in just 8–15 sec
onds. Leveraging the single-cell resolution
of the Coulter Principle, this information
is provided with a degree of precision and
accuracy rivaled only by higher-cost count
ing systems. However, the Moxi Z achieves
this performance with enhanced usability,
increased functionality, and a maintenance
free operation.

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Monitoring Cell Culture Health Application Note

Monitoring Cell Culture Health and MPI

Biological Applications
Monitoring Cell Health

Monitoring Cell Culture Health with Moxi Z’s MPI

Scientists expend significant time, labor and resources on
maintaining consistent, healthy cell cultures to support
their research efforts.

In addition to the initial, significant
expenditures for core equipment, there are substantial
recurring costs for materials that ensure optimal culture
environments including sterilized consumables, media, reagents
and growth factors. Beyond material costs, successful cell
culture requires proper training and attention to ensure aseptic
technique and use of cell-specific growth/treatment protocols.

Similar to visual
inspection of morphology and media color/composition,
this test is performed automatically with every Moxi Z cell
count, without the need for additional reagents.

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Blood Cell Application Note

Biological Applications
Blood Cells

Blood Cell Analysis with the Moxi Z

Variations in core blood cell metrics such as white blood cell (WBC) counts and mean corpuscular volum (MCV) can be important idicatoprs of pathologies including infection, anemia, poisoning and disease.

By
applying established preparation protocols to whole blood samples, Moxi Z can generate important metrics from
blood samples for non-clinical analysis including red blood
cell (RBC) counts, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), white
blood cell (WBC) total counts and peripheral blood
mononuclear cell (PBMC) size distributions and counts.

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Reactive Oxygen Species Application Note

Biological Applications
Reactive Oxygen Species

Measuring Reactive Oxygen Species with Orflo’s Moxi GO II

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are oxygen containing “free radicals”, a group of molecules that are highly reactive due to the unpaired elecytrons they contain.

In this application note we demonstrate how Orflo’s Moxi GO II Flow Cytometer can be applied to a wide range of cellular analysis, including ROS level measurement.

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Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Application Note

Biological Applications
Mitochondrial Membrane

Monitoring Mitochondrial Membrane Potential with Orflo’s Moxi GO II

Mitochondria anre the principle organelles underlying cellular metabolism, servicng as the “energy factories” for the cell.

In this application note we show how Orflo’s Moxi GO II Flow Cytometer can be applied towards the tracking of cellular mitochondrial potential in response to the applications of two pharmacological agents, sodium azide (“azide”) and camptothecin.

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PBMC-Immunophenotyping Application Note

Biological Applications
Immunophenotyping

Immunophenotyping (CD marker labeling) PBMC’s with Orflo’s Moxi GO II

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC) purifications are a critically important cell preparation in a broad range of research and clinical studies including such profound applications such as HIV research, cancer immunotherapy, cord blood banking, regenerative medicine and fundermental studies of cytokine-based immune responses.

In this application nmote we demonstrate how Orfl’s Moxi GO II can be applied towards the characterisation on PBMC preparations.

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Brewery Yeast Counts and Health Monitoring Application Note

Industrial Applications
Yeast Monitoring

Monitoring yeast counts, visability and metabolic activity in brewing with Orflo’s Moxi GO II

At the core of the brewing process is the conversion of sugar into alcohol by yeast. Beyond the initial selection of the yeast strain, the understanding of the shifting characteristics of the yeast in the wort, relative to the constant-changing environmental conditions, is critical. At a bare minimum brewqers need to maintain proper concentrations of yeast throughout the process by adding or “pitching”, yeast at various timepoints. The Moxi GO II is ideally and uniquely suited to enabling yeast monitoring in brewing.

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Transfection Efficiency Monitoring Application Note

Biological Applications
Transfection Monitoring

GFP Transfection Efficiency Monitoring with Orflo’s Moxi GO II

Cell transfection and transduction refer to an array of techniques used to introduce foreign genetic material, or cloning vectors, into cell genomes.
Orflo’s Moxi GO II is ideally and uniquely suited to fulfilling researchers needs for transfection monitoring

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Rapid Apoptosis Monitoring Application Note

Biological Applications
Apoptosis Monitoring

Rapid Apoptosis Monitoring using Annexin V and Orflo’s Moxi GO II

Cellular Aptosis is a sophisticated mechanism employed by cells to carefully control death in response to cell injury. Commonly referred to as “programmed cell death”, apoptosis progresses through a systematic signalling cascade that results in characteristic, directed morphological and biochemical outputs in the cell.

Orflo’s Moxi GO II is ideally and uniquly suited to fulfilling researchers needs for apoptosis monitoring.

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Caking in Cohesive Powders Application Note

Industrial Applications
Cohesive Powders

The effects of caking on the dynamic flow of cohesive powders

Caking or the bonding of particles due to inter-particle cohesion has a huge effect on the behavior of
powders. Strong bonds between particles can prevent materials from exiting silos and storage
containers. However, under dynamic conditions, caking can actually improve the flow properties of the
material. Caking in powders occurs in two ways. Under static conditions as in storage containers and
silos, caking occurs due to particles being pressed together by the force of gravity acting on a column
of material or by external forces. Generally the stronger the forces acting on the material the stronger
the bonds between cohesive particles. Under dynamic conditions, caking occurs due to particles
smashing together as they flow. This type of caking is also referred to as agglomeration, clumping or
granulation. Dynamic conditions are defined as situations where a powder is moving under the
influence of gravity or by mechanical convection. In industry, powders are typically stored under static
conditions but are used under dynamic conditions. Therefore, the characteristics of the material after
storage under static conditions as well as the stability of the material under dynamic conditions are
critical to the successful use of the material. In this study, the effects of caking under static and
dynamic conditions on the dynamic flow characteristics of powders are analyzed. Powders with
different degrees of inter-particle cohesion are studied using uni-axial compression to simulate static
conditions and a rotating drum to simulate dynamic conditions. The assessment of the inter-particle
cohesion of the material is achieved by measuring the unconfined yield strength of the material after a
consolidating stress has been applied. It is found that caking due to inter-particle cohesion under both
static and dynamic conditions directly affects the dynamic flow characteristics of powders and also can
create instabilities in these characteristics as the materials are subjected to dynamic forces. The
dynamic flow characteristics measured include avalanche energy and dynamic density. It is also found
that the level of caking in a powder can be assessed by measuring the changes in its dynamic flow
characteristics before and after exposure to static and dynamic conditions.

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Static Charge Application Note

Industrial Applications
Static Charge

Testing Powders for Additive Manufacturing Applications

The Revolution Powder Analyser has been used extensively to test the flow properties of metal and
polymer powders used for additive manufacturing applications. The tests that have been proven to be
suited to additive manufacturing applications include the flowability test, the packing test, the multi
flow test, caking test,and the electrical charge analysis.

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Additive Manufacturing Application Note

Industrial Applications
Additive Manufacturing

Testing Powders for Additive Manufacturing Applications

The Revolution Powder Analyzer has been used extensively to test the flow properties of metal and
polymer powders used for additive manufacturing applications. The tests that have been proven to be
suited to additive manufacturing applications include the flowability test, the packing test, the multi
flow test, caking test,and the electrical charge analysis.

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Evolution Powder Tester versus traditional yield strength tests

Evolution powder flow analyser mercury scientific Meritics Ltd

Industrial Applications
Evolution v’s Yield Strength Tests

The Evolution Powder Tester versus traditional yield strength tests

The Evolution Powder Tester is designed to measure the unconfined yield strength of powders and
granular materials quickly, accurately, and repeatably. The heart of the design is the analysis cell

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Evolution Powder Tester compared to Shear Testers

Evolution powder flow analyser mercury scientific Meritics Ltd

Industrial Applications
Evolution v’s Shear Testers

The Evolution Powder Tester compared to Shear Testers

The Evolution Powder Tester is used to compare the behaviour of materials under consolidated load. The
only other instruments available for this type of test are powder shear testers. The Evolution was
designed specifically as an alternative to shear testers for many reasons, download the full paper to the right:

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ASTM Committee B09 Workshop

Revolution Powder Analyser

Industrial Applications
ASTM Committee B09 Workshop

ASTM COMMITTEE
B09 WORKSHOP
ON POWDER
CHARACTERIZATION

New powder characterisation tests such as the rotating drum and the
Freeman FT4 rheometer have been introduced in recent years. These instruments have yet to be standardized for use with metal powders. Greg Martiska,
Mercury Scientific Inc., presented the results of testing with the Revolution
Powder Analyser and Joe Tauber, Kennametal Inc., presented data from testing with a Granudrum. The third workshop participant was Tim Freeman,
Freeman Technology, a Micromeritics company. He presented the test results
obtained using the FT4 rheometer.

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Granular Material Behaviour Application Note

Industrial Applications
Granular Material

Testing Powder and Granular Material Behavior

Mercury Scientific has developed testing proceedures to study the flow properties of powders and
granular materials. These proceedures allow users of Mercury Scientific instruments to measure all
aspects of the flow behavior of their materials. The data produced by these tests is useful for
formulating powders, predicting powder behavior and quantifying powder quality.

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Unconfined Yield Strength Application Note

Industrial Applications
Unconfined Yield Strength

Unconfined Yield Strength and the Flow of Powders and Granular Material

Powders and granular materials are made up of freely moving particles and air. For powders, the
particles are small, ranging in size from nanometers to microns. For granular materials, the particles are
typically in the millimeter size range. Because they are made up of freely moving particles and air,
powders and granular materials exhibit properties of both solids and liquids. Under certain conditions,
they may behave more like liquids and flow easily. Under other conditions, they may behave more like
solids and not flow at all or even become solid. In order to understand their behaviour, it is necessary to
measure how powders and granular materials behave under different conditions.

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Spreadability Issues Application Note

Industrial Applications
Spreadability of AM Powders

Identifying, quantifying, and determining the root causes of specific spreadability issues with AM
powders

Powders used in the AM industry either they spread well or they do not. Poor powder spreading is due to
specific issues with the powder or printer parameters. Therefore, the specific spreadability issues must be
identified and quantified so that the root cause of the issue can be determined and corrected. Data is
presented in identifying and quantifying various spreadability issues including low layer density, low
layer thickness, non-uniform layer coverage, channeling, and layer waviness. The root causes of these
issues are determined, and corrective actions are presented.

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Caking and Agglomeration Application Note

Industrial Applications
Caking and Agglomeration Testing

Pressure-Temperature-Humidity-Time

Powders and granular materials are unique in terms of
industrial materials in that they can remember their stress
and environmental history. In other words, a powder can
change depending on how it is handled and stored. For
example, if a powder is stored in an industrial tote
containing a 1 ton mass, the gas in the powder will be
removed (compressibility) and the powder particles may
form large particles (agglomerates) due to the pressure
acting on the particles. If stored long enough in this way,
the powder may actually become a solid (caking). When the
pressure is removed, the powder may or may not go back to
its original condition before storage.

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Powder Metallurgy Application Note

Industrial
Applications
Soils LS 13 320 XR

A comparison of the spreadability and flowability of metal powders for AM applications

The ability of a powder to form a consistent layer in an additive manufacturing (AM) machine is critical to producing high quality parts. This ability is referred to as powder spreadability. There are many official and unofficial definitions of powder spreadability but there is no consensus on how to test it. Many machines have various in situ techniques for analyzing powder layer formation, but these techniques are more for process monitoring than predictive testing. Several tests and test devices have been proposed.1-4 These include test beds that automatically spread a test powder, and manual spreading devices. Typically the measurement performed is an optical analysis of the top surface of the powder layer. In some cases, the density of the layer is measured by weighing the powder and calculating the spread layer volume.

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Metal Powders Application Note

Industrial Applications
Metal Powders

Evaluating the spreadability of metal powders for additive manufacturing applications using a
SpreadStation Powder Analyser

The spreadability of several metal powders manufactured for additive manufacturing applications is
measured for a range of layer thicknesses under different application conditions including a range of
spreading speeds, different spreader geometries, a range of powder feeding geometries and spreader
application pressures and different environmental conditions. The powder spreadability analyzer used for
the measurements is a new instrument commercially produced by Mercury Scientific Inc. Data presented
include spreading efficiency, mass per spreader travel and spreading uniformity per spreader travel.

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Segregation and Humidity Application Note

Industrial Applications
Segregation and Humidity

Evaluating the sensitivity of virgin and recycled Additive Manufacturing powders to segregation and humidity

Powders can change their flow properties as they are handled and used. They also can become more
sensitive to segregation on handling and environmental conditions. This means that a powder that has
been used or recycled may change its behaviour due to handling and environmental exposure more than
virgin material. This behaviour is evaluated by testing the flow properties of virgin and used Additive Manufacturing powders
with the Revolution Powder Analyser before and after exposure to segregation pressure and different
environmental conditions.

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Additive Manufacturing Application Note

Industrial Applications
Additive Manufacturing

Revolution measurements for Additive Manufacturing

Rotating drum rheometers have been widely used to study powders for Additive Manufacturing applications for over 15 years and powders in general for roughly 40 years. The concept of studying powder flow behaviour in a
rotating cylinder or “drum” was presented in Kaye et al in 1995. Powder was placed in a clear
cylinder with a light source in front of it. An array of photocells was places behind the cylinder. The
cylinder or drum was rotated, and the sample powder would prevent or allow light from light source to
reach the photocells. In this way, the avalanching behaviour of the powder could be studied. This concept
was commercialised under the name Aero-Flow in 1996 by Amherst Process Instruments. As a result of
this detection method, the Aero-Flow could only measure the time between avalanches.

The best detection method to study powder in a rotating drum is naturally a digital imaging device.
However, in the 1990’s digital imaging devices and processing systems were expensive, and the time
required to analyse a single image was roughly 20 to 30 seconds. This situation changed rapidly at the
end of the 1990’s with increases in computer processing speed and development of inexpensive digital
imaging devices. A commercial instrument using a digital camera to image the powder in the drum was
developed by Mercury Scientific Inc. in 2002 and was commercialised under the name Revolution
Powder Analyser.

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Lysozyme Application Note

Biological Application
Lysozyme

Investigating the Particle Size, Molecular Weight and Thermal Denaturation of Lysozyme

Lysozyme is a commonly used enzyme for lysing Gram-positive bacteria. The comparatively simple structure and low cost make it a popular model in much current biological research.

In this application note, with the BeNano 90 Zeta, the particle size of lysozyme was measured and the molecular weight of lysozyme was calculated through the empirical Mark-Houwink equation. The study on the lysozyme denaturation at high temperature has been successfully carried out, by utilizing the precise temperature-control system of the BeNano 90 Zeta.

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Coffee Creamer Powder Application Note

Industrial Application
Coffee Creamer Powder

Zeta Potential Measurement of Powdered Coffee Creamer Using the BeNano 90 Zeta

Zeta potential is a scientific term for electrokinetic potential in colloidal dispersions. One of the factors to affect the zeta potential values is the chemical composition at the particle surface, and the solution environment in which the particles are dispersed. In this application note, the relation between the zeta potential and pH is investigated by measuring the zeta potentials of a commercially available powdered coffee creamer in different pH environments.

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Zeta Potential of Bovine Serum Albumin Application Note

Biological Application
Bovine Serum Albumin

Using the BeNano 90 Zeta to Measure the Zeta Potential of Bovine Serum Albumin

The BeNano 90 Zeta provides accurate and rapid characterization of particle size and zeta potential of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) in an aqueous solution as will be detailed in this application note. The results show the BeNano 90 Zeta’s capability in low molecular weight proteins particle size and zeta potential measurement, even though the scattering intensity is weak.

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Pigment Application Note

Industrial Application
Pigment

Particle Size measurement of High-concentration Pigment Samples with DLS Technology

The particle sizes of high concentration pigments (red and yellow samples) had been characterized successfully by the DLS technology of the BeNano 90 Zeta. Using the capillary sizing cell compatible with the BeNano 90 Zeta, even samples with high concentrations and low transmittance can be analyzed to yield reliable and accurate results.

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Size of Self-Assembled Surfactant Micelles Application Note

Biological Application
Surfactant Micelles

Measuring the Size of Self-Assembled Surfactant Micelles
at Different Temperatures and Concentrations

In this application note, a non-ionic surfactant micelle Tween 20 and an ionic surfactant micelle SDS were studied by investigating their particle sizes and the effect of temperature on their phase behaviors through dynamic light scattering (DLS) technology.

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Stability of BSA Solution Application Note

Biological Application
Stability of BSA Solution

Investigating Size, Zeta Potential, and Molecular Weight and Evaluating Stability of BSA Solution

Three light scattering technologies, i.e., DLS, ELS, and SLS, are incorporated in the BeNano 90 Zeta to enable the measurements of size, zeta potential, and molecular weight, respectively. In this application note, the sizes of BSA in three dispersants are measured, showing the size trend when using different types of dispersants. Then, the molecular weight Mw of BSA is obtained by the BeNano 90 Zeta and shows excellent agreement with the Mw provided by the GPC system. Finally, by utilizing kD, zeta potential, and A2, the stabilities of BSA protein in different dispersants were successfully evaluated and sorted.

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Fat Emulsion Application Note

Biological Application
Fat Emulsion

Measuring the Zeta Potential of Highly Concentrated Fat Emulsion

The zeta potentials of lipid emulsion suspensions at different concentrations were successfully characterized by the ELS technology of the BeNano 180 Zeta. The results confirm the capability of the BeNano 180 Zeta in measuring the zeta potential of highly concentrated samples thanks to the innovative optical system and the folded capillary cell with a short light path. It is also concluded that the zeta potential results obtained from highly concentrated samples could not reflect the true potential value of the system. In order to obtain the true zeta potential results, use a proper dilutant to dilute the concentrated sample to an appropriate range. For an unknown aqueous system, it is recommended to perform a concentration titration experiment to determine the optimal concentration range.

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Iron Dextran Application Note

Industrial Application
Iron Dextran

Characterising Iron Dextran Preparation with the BeNano 90

In this application note, the BeNano 90 was used to characterize two iron dextran injections, a commercially available one and a R&D stage one. Size differences were successfully distinguished, and the presence of aggregates in the R&D sample was ascertained. With regards to the injection preparations, particular attention needs to be paid to the formation of aggregates, due to their significant effect on the drug stability, efficacy, and immune response. Hence, the BeNano 90 with its excellent sensitivity for aggregates or large particles will be extremely useful and convenient as a research tool for injection preparation.

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Alumina Abrasives Application Note

Industrial Application
Alumina Abrasive

Determining the Size and Zeta Potential of Alumina Abrasive

The BeNano 90 Zeta was employed successfully to determine the size and zeta potential of nano alumina dispersed in the aqueous environment. The measurement results suggest that the nano alumina is close to monodisperse in size and possesses high stability with the zeta potential amplitude over 30 mV.

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Monoclonal Antibody Modified Latex Particles Application Note

Biological Application
Modified Latex Particles

Characterising the Size and Size Distribution of Monoclonal Antibody Modified Latex Particles

In the field of immunodiagnostic assay, the BeNano 90 is able to provide highly accurate and reproducible test results, which is a powerful process-monitoring tool for producing and developing such latex-antibody immunological reagents.

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Thermal Sensitive Hydrogel Application Note

Industrial Applications
Thermal Sensitive Hydrogel

Characterising PNIPAm Thermal Sensitive Hydrogel

In this application note, a thermosensitive PNIPAm sample is characterised by automatic measurements of the particle sizes and zeta potentials under the programmed temperature change process of the BeNano. The PNIPAm measured exhibits similar behaviour with the reported results from most literature. The temperature trend measurement of the BeNano can significantly improve the measurement efficiency and provide a robust and powerful testing tool for such applications.

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Titanium Oxide Application Note

Industrial Application
Titanium Oxide

Using the BAT-1 autotitrator to measure the zeta potentials of TiO2 at different pH

This study shows the measurement of zeta potentials of titanium dioxide (TiO2) at different pH levels using the BAT-1 autotitrator. Zeta potential, which depends on the chemical composition and environment, can vary with pH. The TiO2 powder was dispersed in water and subjected to automatic titration with HCl from pH 5.4 to 2 using the BAT-1 autotitrator. Results showed that the zeta potential of TiO2 was positive at low pH, approached zero at pH 3.5 (isoelectric point), and gradually became negative with increasing pH. The BeNano with PALS technique provided accurate and repeatable zeta potential measurements, simplifying the process and improving efficiency.

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Aluminium Oxide Application Note

Industrial Applications
Aluminium Oxide

Using the BAT-1 autotitrator to measure the zeta potentials of Al2O3 at different pH

The use of alumina (Al2O3) as a versatile material has prompted research on its stability under different surface modifications. Zeta potential, which depends on the chemical composition and pH of the medium, is an important parameter to assess stability. The BAT-1 autotitrator and BeNano analyzer were employed to measure the zeta potential of Al2O3 particles at different pH levels. The results indicated that the isoelectric point of the Al2O3 system was at pH 6.8, with lower zeta potential magnitudes suggesting instability near this point. Higher pH levels (10-12) exhibited higher zeta potential magnitudes and greater system stability due to stronger electrostatic forces.

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BSA Solution Application Note

Biological Applications
BSA Solution

Measuring the Thermal Sensitive Rheological Behavior of BSA Solution with the BeNano 180 Zeta

This application presents the use of Dynamic Light Scattering Microrheology (DLS Microrheology) to measure the thermal-sensitive rheological behavior of a BSA (bovine serum albumin) solution using the BeNano 180 Zeta. DLS Microrheology utilizes tracer particles to measure the mean square displacements (MSD) and obtain rheological information of solutions. The study reveals that at higher temperatures, aggregation of BSA leads to an increase in viscoelasticity. The DLS microrheological technique provides a powerful and efficient means to characterize the rheological properties of liquids.

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Monosaccharide Molecules Application Note

Biological Application
Monosaccharide Molecules

Characterising the size and size distribution of monosaccharide molecules

This application note discusses the characterization of the size and size distribution of monosaccharide molecules, specifically glucose. The BeNano, equipped with a high-speed correlator, was used to measure glucose, which has a molecular weight of 180 Da. Viscosity correction was performed using polystyrene spheres, and measurements were conducted at different concentrations. The results showed distinct correlation functions and size distributions for sucrose and glucose samples, highlighting the presence of monosaccharides and polysaccharides. The BeNano system demonstrated reliable detection capabilities for small particles like glucose.

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Battery Electrode Slurry Application Note

Industrial Applications
Battery Electrode Slurry

Determining the Average Zeta Potential and Distribution of Battery Electrode Slurry

This application note presents a study on determining the zeta potential of battery electrode slurry dispersed in NMP solvent. The experiment utilized the BeNano to measure the zeta potential of four different samples. The results showed that all samples had negative zeta potentials, indicating the presence of negative charges in the electrode materials. The zeta potential amplitudes were around 50 mV, indicating high stability. The study highlights the importance of understanding zeta potential for optimizing battery electrode production and emphasizes the reliability of the measurements.

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CAR-T Cell Therapy

Biological Application
CAR-T Therapy

Manufacturing Processes for Engineered T-Cell Therapy – CAR-T

Why T-cells are important

  • They recognise host vs. non-host cells to initiate an immune response
  • They’re the primary immune system agents that attack diseased cells or infection
  • They’re used in several cell-based therapies:
    • Transplantation of donor T-cells – a bone marrow
      transplant, in which a matched donor’s cells are used
      to replace the patient’s cells, is the most widely used
      approach—typically for diseases that originate in the
      immune system (e.g., leukemia)
    • Isolation and enrichment of a patient’s T-cells – an
      approach considered the safest because it enhances
      a patient’s own immune response to disease
    • CAR-T therapy – a more recent approach in which
      T-cells are removed, genetically engineered to express
      a synthetic receptor against specific cancer cells, then
      infused back into the patient’s bloodstream; this therapy
      is effective because many cancer cells “hide” from the
      immune system by appearing to be normal cells, thereby
      triggering no immune response

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Paint Application Note

Industrial
Applications
Paint

Acrylic and oil-based
paint rheology

Water-based and solvent coatings have significant various
rheological behavior and the analysis of their flow curve in
function of shear rate variation enables to perfectly adjust their
formulation in order that user has the same easy of use
and also to limit the flowing too.

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Hair Gel Application Note

Industrial
Applications
Hair Gel

Elasticity, consistency and stickiness of different hair
styling gel from the same manufacturer.

Compression-relaxation-traction test also known as
CRT test is used to determine the elasticity, the
consistency and the stickiness of soft sample.
Knowing theses parameters, it becomes possible to
determine the firmness, the cohesion and the
threading nature of the products.

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Wall Coating Application Note

Industrial Applications
Wall Coating

Viscosity measure
of wall filler

Measuring the viscosity of wall filler is often difficult: either
the filler is too viscous for the instrument being used, or the
geometry compounds the product during measurement. We
have introduced a simple and effective technical solution for this
application

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